tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55662867078732633522024-03-08T07:29:09.892-08:00PETROLEUM POWERAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-61058954367898226392014-06-07T19:12:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.050-08:00What is the oil?<span style="color: #cccccc;">What is the oil?</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/zZDGbvy.jpg" /></span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Petroleum natural black liquid stinking consists of two elements carbon, hydrogen and mix them other elements such as sulfur, salts, water and other impurities .. It is believed that oil fields in the ground was before hundreds of millions of years, large tracts of sea water live where many of the marine fauna and flora The floods and rivers carrying sand and clay and the remains of terrestrial plants and animals that Scraping with it and develops and at the bottom of the sea and Thus originated the layers in the seabed on each other and by the intense pressure and heat esoteric and the interaction of the bacteria remains of animals turned into oil material …</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And Gateway ((oil)) means ((shale oil)) because it is flowing rocks forms of painting, he gas mixed with the liquid, which is located at the rear under high pressure, allowing the oil that explodes and flows. Varies the appearance of oil, according to the nature of the land from them, and Hogalba Black Color has the density of water. This type of oil is called ((Black Gold)) OR NOIR ratio for value</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Of oil, petroleum products and motor fuels such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene and furnace oil and lubricating fats. It is the distillation of petroleum oil we get the oils used in the manufacture of cosmetics and medicine consisting of alkanes and cyclic alkanes.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Because of the low price and the availability and quality of it is used widely in many areas. It features acceptable properties in terms of lack of harms to humans and is used in lubricating and cooling is also used in the manufacture of electrical some parts Okhhry the</span><br /><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-37858726803315792282014-06-06T19:33:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.083-08:00Gas production<span style="color: #cccccc;">. When Preparing fluid reservoir for storage before selling it requires removal of all vehicles volatile him to brings together consisting of gas production, and for the largest amount of liquid is advisable to shift the gas in several different stages in pressure and temperature. That the number of stages of the season and the pressure and temperature of these stages have a significant impact on the economics of production Engineering related Reservoir .</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/H04tCXZ.jpg" /> </span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The amount of gas produced during the separation process under standard conditions is measured by the proportion of Li volume of oil produced. There are two types of records to find the real volume of gas, gas If the product is ready for sale or transportation, there are records available from gas sales. The engineer must or engineered find the amount of gas factory records for each field. It is rare liberal sale of gas from the ground oil tanks, and in some cases not being the sale of the gas separation vessels few pressure. When used factory in finding records should be corrected gas production properties of the fluid reservoir to the prevailing circumstances. As is the case with the production of oil and gas combines measured in reservoirs after battery production from several wells in common. However, if the output is required each well must customize the amount of gas produced from each well through the examination of the well information.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The second method used to obtain records of gas production is through the tests of time to produce the well. And these tests should be held under normal operating conditions and measured gas production from all vessels chapter except ground reservoir. The volume of oil produced must be corrected to the temperature of the tank and the amount of ground water and solids in it.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Divide the total amount of gas product on oil production, total debugger in the tank ground to give the percentage of gas production to oil the well appointed and apply this ratio between the middle of the period of time between the first examination of the production and inspection current and mid-term time between examination and current examination next year.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Being calculate the total gas production using gas-to-oil ratio for a certain period of time and the size of the oil produced during that period.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Distillation</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The process of separation of the main components of the crude oil distillation first step in the Alnaftyhz industry and this is the most important refining operations as it Blodhafah the Chapter plays an important role in the refining of petroleum products according to the specifications of marketing.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">One of the main characteristics of the various petroleum products and Qapeletha the volatilization or evaporation, and this process depends on the particle size. In vehicles of similar type down Qapellet evaporation Kelml the large molecular size. Valgasulan liquid evaporates easily in normal conditions of temperature and pressure, while kerosene and fuel oil was needed to Tbkma heat Ely. And rigid products in normal conditions Khim paraffin, for example, requires Tschanhma to high temperatures highest Tcielhma and to temperatures more Ertfaaltbka.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">And Ttertbt Kabalah volatilization boiling, Valsaúl the boiling point and sessile be more volatile than the liquid boiling point is high and when heating a liquid increases energy molecules and become able numerical largely skip the liquid surface into space, ie, that a large number of molecules turn into vapor case. When the vapor pressure equivalent to atmospheric pressure boiling liquid and a temperature at which they boil pure liquid boiling point. And remain constant such a degree that all the liquid evaporates. This is one of the task that are characterized by pure substances and boiling climate change pressure. Pure water is boiling, for example, in the normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature of 373k, as well as featuring all of hydrocarbons in crude oil boiling degree private and low boiling point decrease pressure and increase its altitude ..</span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-46792572053116833912014-06-06T19:30:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.101-08:00Oil extraction<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Oil extraction</span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Ranges from deep layers of oil in wide limits up to 5-6 thousand square meters and more oil and be in nature is always a companion for water and gas in accordance with the specific gravity the gas occupies the upper part and then followed by the oil and the water below it.</span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Wells are dug to extract oil from the ground to the surface and conducted a preliminary exploration and research to determine where to dig wells, which is extracted from petroleum and purpose of these operations is to study the installation of all the rocks area in which the exploration, examination rock layer Petroleum (capacity and porosity and Force and saturation oil) and determine the area oil field and approximate reserves of oil and gas.</span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">And the most important methods of drilling is drilling and rotary drilling turbocharger and spin the drilling tool (ileum) intended (bit) in a rotary drill with each column of drilling pipes.</span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">With depth in the well pipe connects to operating a new drill pipe and up the length of the column at the end of drilling pipes to drill several kilometers and to separate the rocks by the fragmentation of the well drilling tool is pumped through pipes to the bottom of the well drilling mud solution carries rocks to the top of the roof.</span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">In the case of drilling turbocharger spins ileum by turbo especially down to the bottom of the well and are powered by the solution mud pump Further drilling vertical can by drilling turbocharger to achieve drilling oblique directed under buildings and ponds, and others, as well as drilling branching any drilling multiple wells from a single location and this drill is very comfortable when the exploitation of offshore oil fields.</span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/HuQcP0V.jpg" height="228" width="640" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Stages of development drilling and extraction of oil over time</span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Comes to mind when talking about petroleum engineering and extraction of the lower layers of the earth it is a difficult and complex process! Especially that the presence of a lot of multi-functional facilities in the field, engineers, owners of the highest salary in the salary scale gives us the impression that the extraction process is difficult and you need to nano steps! But it is true that the first oil well in the world drilled manually by one person only?!</span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Oil was at the beginning of the sixteenth century floats on the surface of the earth proportions slim in place of “Baku” in Azerbaijan. Someone has drilled wells up to 35 meters long only year 1594 in order to find the first oil reservoir in the world. Were approved manual drilling method “Baku” as the first method of drilling. The oil is extracted in this case by the descent of workers (no more than two people in mostly) to the bottom.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">The method “Toole Cable” began in 1825 in North America. The idea includes having the engine lift lever is connected with a sharp a break-rock while the sustainability of the land, and this process is repeated until the maximum outreach to the rear, which is mostly the 300 meters. During the operation, the workers to go down to the bottom and raise rocks Fragmenting, which consumes a lot of time.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">By the year 1860, which is considered a qualitative leap in the history of the oil industry, has been in Switzerland discovered a way which is still used today a rotary drilling, consisting of three Onmth: energy system, circulation, and lift. Be installed head of diamond, due to the hardness, the spindle does this column drilling efficiently during rotation underground to depths of up to 10 kilometers! The head is lubrication through the mud, and replaced at intervals whenever the need arise. As the application of this method is another horizontal drilling, which as at drilling under residential areas without causing any damage to them.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee;">Way of the “Baku” and way “Alkeppltol” has been completely abandoned them, as the rotary drilling is in control until the present day. It is also worth mentioning that in spite of the total price for the extraction of oil is very high as well, one may cost more than $ 100 million, but the profit is far higher than the total value of transactions.</span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-31883297222937015612014-06-06T19:27:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.122-08:00Medical uses of the petroleum<span style="color: #cccccc;">This oil is used some add some other materials to him as for children oil baby oil in the United States and in England and Canada and is also used for skin care. As eczema can be treated by light and is used to clean the ears, especially if you enter one of the insects in the ear. And fit to be mixed with sulfur and ointments compounds.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Uses in veterinary medicine</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Mineral oil used in animal vaccination, is also used to disinfect legs birds كالبط and geese and chickens to prevent being infected with the fungus. Also used in the treatment of infections, and the prevention of licorice timber.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">In mechanical machinery and electrical appliances</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/yIUAmDf.jpg" /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Mineral oils used thermal conductor. As it is compressible it is also used in hydraulic jacks stirring and pressing machines, also used in lubricants. The species used light than in the textile and jute industry.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Is also used to cool electrical appliances as it is a good insulator for electricity and works to keep the water and air. Therefore often used in electrical transformers and switchgear for high pressure to prevent electrical arcs random.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">In the prevention</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Because the oil does not absorb moisture oil is used as a cover or protective dip the water-sensitive materials. An example of this retention lithium where dunks lithium in a bath of petroleum oil. Well as keep on hand tools and metal weapons, knives and protection from rust and oxidation. Petroleum oil is used to polish and maintain the leather products. And Tzlk to keep the wood from decay.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Use in the food industry</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Immunity petroleum oil to soak up water in addition to that, tasteless and odorless make protective material commonly used Tnzivaduat the kitchen, such as wooden Orma flesh and blood. And just let alone oiled wooden tool between now and then protects it from attached to the smell of food and facilitate cleaned as they maintain, where the crack of wood from continued Aptlalh and dried during use, also inhibit the bacteria gathered in the cracks that may exist in such tools.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Ka sometimes mineral oil used in the food industry, particularly in the production of some candy as interlock prevents the pieces together, and despite the reservation health administrative instructions in this regard for the candy industry, but the children candy factories in some of the country are still using.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">In cleaning</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Mineral oils are used to clean up heavy oils and that by easing their focus and facilitate the use of detergents. As can be cleaned and adhesives used as a cleaner and solvent inks in the printing and graphic colors, along with turpentine</span></div></div><div><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-56295040645030468952014-06-06T19:25:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.136-08:00Crude oil processing operations<span style="color: #cccccc;">Crude oil processing operations</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Accompanies oil during leaving the Albirgazat the salts, water and mechanical impurities “Sand and clay”, and therefore must be separated these things Dziiavi the field, and then totally in the refinery.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">The gases are separated associated in Hakolalbtrul in the special devices “fisheries”, then you pay to a gasoline unit to separate the light capacitors, which are often associated with the gases, which are separated Intensification and called “Gazolinatabiei”. Then pushes raw then to deposition warehouses, where Ahawaibalmikanekih is separated by sedimentation. After this is done remove salts from oil by washing fresh Alomlahbalme, then take away the water after that of oil. Petroleum and handling containing Nsphkberh than salts by 10 – 15% of the water two or three times. And separates water Manalpetrol in the sometimes relatively easily. But it is often difficult fixed Maalpetrol the emulsions chapter, especially during pumping operations and transport in pipes very quickly Mmisab the get rid of it.</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/xqyDxta.jpg" /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">A. Preparation of Petroleum Refining</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">(1) the expulsion of gases and install oil Fayalhakol</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The gas Issahbalbtrul the while coming out of the well, must be separated from the oil. This is done Chapter in Hakolalbtrul in the special devices “fisheries”, and that by reducing the speed of movement of a mixture of oil and gas. The gas separation method is used at several stages in the case of a high pressure in the well.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">But just not enough gas separation of oil, since leaving after the season many Alktefat of light Altikd evaporate during storage in warehouses and pour the oil in the tanks … Etc.. Therefore Vmanalmsthassan install in the oil fields, especially if the oil extracted contains Many of the the Alktefat light, to be transported long distances.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil boils down to install in light Vslalktefat and dissolved gases from crude. The direction for this purpose Alktefatalkhvifah fumes and gas after passing through the condenser to the gas separator gas separator, where separates Algazhoydf the pump to the gas network or to gas processing plants. And directs Almthbtely oil refining factories</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Ahina gas separator used as the first water separator and called in Hzhalhalh 3phase separator (see figure)</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">(2) dewatering and salts Manalpetrol the</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The water and mechanical impurities “salt, sand and mud,” always accompany oil during extraction. And separates water Manalpetrol in some cases, relatively easily, but it is stable emulsions with of Petroleum Vealbed other.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The oil must undergo who gets it in the image of emulsion, to Maaljhkhash the relatively complex to be separated from the water and mechanical impurities, as oil refining Zuhawaib held operation of industrial units to a large extent. For example, if you preheat the Petroleum containing mechanical Alyhoaúb in the heat exchanger, these impurities are deposited on the surface of the heating; which Aadaely reduce the adequacy of the heat exchanger, and during the passage of the oil in the pipe at high speeds Akonellgesemat solid abrasives effect, ie they rub in Vtpeleta devices prematurely. And leads the survival of mechanical impurities in petroleum residue after distillation, to reduce Godhhzh residues and increasing the percentage of ash (boiler fuel and coke), and to non Amkanehalhsol a nonconforming products.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">And strongly water evaporates inside with Oil heating Faojhzh, the volume rises dramatically increased, leading to the lifting pressure in Alojhzhwalakhalal of the technical operating rates of the unit. It contains water located in petroleum Alykamih, the wide range of salts.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">It Mmasbak clear that after the oil obtained from wells, must be subject to the preparatory treatment to Toverdrjh the purity required.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">(3) Almsthlbatalbtrulah the</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">There are two types of petroleum emulsions: “Water in the oil”, Emulsions Oedrovobah-the hydorphobic, and “oil in the water,” Emulsions Yderofelih-hydrophilic.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The first type emulsions more prevalent second Manalnoa. In the first type emulsions there is water in the image of the amount of oil to countless of the micro-drops. As in Emulsions second type Vicualpetrol the-in the image of single droplets suspended in water.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The main process configure the following Almsthlebattfa: the boundary between asking not mixed with each other, and one dispersant in Alakhraly of the image very small particles, accumulate a third material necessary to form an emulsion and emulsion Tzmybaml or Sticky emulsion. The dissolves emulsion Working in one questioners Mkonama the like membrane. This obscures the membrane material dispersed droplets and prevents integration. And emulsified Hzhalawaml in oil is resins, Alosfeltinat and soap acid Alinvthehwalomlah. In addition to the articles mentioned, different solid impurities affect separated Faahd the eccentric on the stability of the emulsion.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">And emulsified factors either Oadrofelah Ooaedrovobah. The asphalt resins and amino Alinvtheh found Vealbtrul natural compounds and emulsified Oedrovobah factors. The soaps Alsodiomahualbōtaseyoumah which consist mainly of interaction amino Alinvtheh found in oil </span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-90769794136794373682014-06-06T19:22:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.153-08:00Oil production methods<span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil production methods</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil produced in three basic ways a way the fountain, the way pressure or gas lift, and how deep pumping.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil rises in case Nafory production (flowing) to the wellhead under pressure through a combination of class</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">High pressure tubular Mara fisheries separates the gas from the oil then enters oil capacity later in court.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">The method uses a fountain at the beginning of the production of the well when the pressure is enough class or using special methods to maintain this pressure under the influence of water or gas pressure.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">In the case of production air down columns of pipes in the well and pay in their ring vacuum compressed air or gas and have this air while passing through the liquid column of a mixture of oil and gas with low density and bringing this mixture to the surface of the well under the pressure of the surface layer.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">In the case of production pumps down to the well by Pipes special pump drive oil to the surface of the well and run the pump using a column of bus bars by machine weights that ride above the surface of the well (the unit lifting oil) and machine kicks a responsibility Weighting relation to one of the ends of the column bus bars and the other party Pitman mechanism managed by an electric motor.</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/4o2E2pK.jpg" /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">In the recent period, using electric submersible pumps down in the well by up through the pipes to the surface and oil pump works by Multi drive directly into the well and fed with electricity by a special cable.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">And separating the oil extracted from the well for natural gas associated with the fisheries private and collects in the tanks where separated from the cluster of basic water and Alqazhurat then in tanks fields, which is subject to the petroleum and depositing clean additional if the oil in the case of Asthlabah ie if it contains water inseparable it passes During removal unit emulsifying.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil is transported in different ways, a pump in the pipes and transport in railway tanks and sea routes and river transport and Ousahm widespread piped</span></div></div><div><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-50007272258050725992014-06-06T19:21:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.165-08:00Oil pollution and all safety specializes in oil operations<span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil pollution and all safety specializes in oil operations</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Fires and explosions at oil installations</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/rmacpyf.jpg" /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The risk of fires and explosions in all phases of the oil industry one of the most important threats seriously considering procedures controlled administratively and engineered by the establishment of any oil project and engineering, because the oil and its derivatives (or gas) of material that accompanied used always with the risk of ignition and explosion.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">So deliberately specialized companies in the oil industry to provide all means of fire prevention and securing all the necessary equipment to protect workers in their places of work and residence of the risk of fire. Especially near oil collection tanks and gas reservoirs in the oil fields or those adjacent to transmission lines and export ports.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Fire accidents are not limited to cause physical damage and can be associated human and environmental damage catastrophic, as it gets when crashing oil tankers in the seas and oceans or explode oil or gas wells during the production or dug them. Perhaps the closest incident historically what happened in Kuwait during the Iraqi aggression (was destroyed and burned more than 670 oil wells, and left the fire burning carried out toxins in the air, and deposited them huge amounts of crude oil formed after the fire is dubbed as the “oil lakes “exceeded the 300 Lake., and covered an area of more than (49 square kilometers), and the mass of more than 40 million tons).</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1-1 – fires fuel tanks:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">These reservoirs are located at the oil companies, power plants, fuel depots, these tanks are used for storage of petroleum products, and usually built above the Earth’s surface is cylindrical horizontal or vertical cylindrical</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1.1.1 – Types of oil reservoirs and barriers</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">A – tanks, surface hard: and have a conical shape, is being built and canning in the form of pieces, to be in the last tank capacity and size specific, and provides each tank ladder, metal and painted surface aluminized the spectrum to form a reflective layer of the sun’s rays that affect the evaporation of stored materials, and there is every tank of this type safety valve to drain excess pressure to the outside or offset the pressure inside the tank to drop, and stores usually in this type of reservoirs of petroleum products with degrees and flashing high due to lack of Evaporation order to avoid explosions, such as heavy oil, diesel and asphalt can be stored oils light in such Reservoirs, but after taking reserves sufficient to prevent the entry of air and mixing with steam rising causing fluid in the formation of a mixture of flammable or explosive.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">B – Tanks surface floating: designed surfaces of these types of reservoirs, where the comics, according to the amount of inventory and hardly of high and low during the discharge process, for that is equipped aspects of the surface floating Bjoinat rubber to avoid friction metal – metal when the movement of the surface coaxial, also prevents This type of design is the risk of mixing liquid stock with fumes outside air where it</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Do not allow this fluid evaporation only in small quantities so as to avoid the dangers of mixing with air outside, and thus can avoid accidents, explosion or ignition, and there are on each tank of this type iron stairs up to the roof of the tank, and stored in this type of reservoirs of petroleum products with degrees and shimmer different.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">C – barriers reservoirs: designed these barriers to save any substance leaking from the inside of the tank or overflowing on the back of the tank, whether such material burning or burning, and prevent it from spreading to the tanks again, as they are saving materials fire inside the barrier during the proceedings of control, inhibit leak and the spread of spot fire, so as not to extend the fire into the tanks the other, and designed these barriers so that accommodate the contents of the tank inside the barrier, but the capacity of some less than absorb the amount of inventory, so it is in the case of overflow tank should pull the largest possible amount of material accumulated inside the barrier. The barriers are divided into two types, some of which contains a num</span></div></div><div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-7821435742139871382014-06-06T19:19:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.189-08:00The economic importance of oil<span style="color: #cccccc;">The economic importance of oil</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Represents oil and natural gas approximately 66% of the total energy used in the world currently. Represent oil reserves in</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Middle East countries a total of 89% of OPEC reserves and 62% of the world’s reserves as a whole. Importance lies</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Economic countries of the Middle East oil in large reserves and low domestic consumption ratios of Petroleum and rates</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">High average productivity of oil per well, and low cost to produce a barrel of oil with the presence of many fields</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And above giant giant</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">. As the vast unexplored areas in those countries represent the most promising source of future global demand coverage of oil</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Plus development projects conducted at the present time on the existing fields to raise the efficiency of oil production.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/CYfdPKA.jpg" /></span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">In addition, they are free of natural disasters praise of God and its geographical position between East and West</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">From the above we conclusion that the whole world is counting on the Middle East</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">(Saudi Arabia and Iraq in particular) continuity in providing oil and natural gas required for the conduct of modern life there is no other suitable source to generate</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Energy can be relied upon</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">OPEC policy in the field of petroleum and natural gas:</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Pursues OPEC moderate policy in the production and export of petroleum and natural gas Oasptha the respect of the world as a whole</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And that policy is to the outlook for the stability of the global market for oil and natural gas by preventing sudden fluctuations</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">In prices or decrease or increase in supplies in order to preserve the continuation of the demand for these commodities to the world and tasks prices</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Fair producers and Almsthlka, n. I’ve added the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a new dimension to the foregoing the establishment of joint projects</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">With many countries and international companies within and outside the Kingdom in the field of industry, oil refining and petrochemical industries.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Fluctuations in oil prices:</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">The price of a barrel of crude oil, followed by the first two variables are important changes in international policy and terms of increased climate variability</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Greater demand for winter than in summer and in the event of war and military threats near oil wells and many examples of Aitisa</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Space for noting. The second variable is the policy of supply and demand and speculation on international stock exchanges. The pricing of a barrel</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Crude oil is not easy and it can be summarized in the following points:</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">A) has been selected Brent oil field in the North Sea Akham measurement products for Europe, Africa and West Texas Intermediate oil</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Akham measurement products for North and South America and Dubai crude Petroleum Akham measurement products for Asia</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">B) measurement ores are priced three in the global stock markets in New York, London and Singapore, according to supply and demand.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">V) the rest are priced crude oil in the world by geographical location and how they differ from raw measurement specifications adopted.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">W) include specifications that compares any oil in the rough world of measurement based on the difference in each of the sense of the standard density</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">American Petroleum Institute and the percentage of sulfur and total acid content.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Thus P that any raw beats the raw measurement is in pain and the three above-mentioned descriptors gives a higher price of crude measurement</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Listed on the stock exchange and vice versa. As that selling prices may differ from what is A calculation the athletes and for other things and variables</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Many do not have the space to mention that the increase in the price of oil must be commensurate with the proportion of global inflation</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Should not be a big surprise and overwhelm the global economy and returning a negative impact on producers and consumers together.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Analytical view of the global supply and demand for oil:</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">It is known that declared oil reserves in the Middle East region represents approximately 68% of world reserves.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And consume most of the world what is produced from petroleum and resort to import to meet the shortfall, if any, where the growing global demand for</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">2 million barrels / day). The countries of the Middle East and the rest of the countries, 1 to 0.2% age Loya (equivalent to 8, oil at a rate of 5</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">OPEC, Norway, Mexico and Russia are available source to meet the global demand of oil. And representing the Arab Gulf states</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">The largest weight in the total production of OPEC and the world as a whole. Captivity for example an oil production from the northern part (appointed</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Dar – Shedgum) from the giant Ghawar field above is greater than the total production of some OPEC countries. Represents the surplus oil</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Need pa c from OPEC countries, which amounts to 3 to 5 million barrels per day, almost the only area affected the differe road bridge</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Growing increasingly global Petroleum</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Surplus for the need of the oil produced in OP</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-45446992647545398472014-06-06T19:18:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.211-08:00Safety at work places oil<span style="color: #cccccc;">Strategic Goals</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">• protect life and property from the dangers of disasters.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">• reduce losses to a minimum when a disaster occurs.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">• provide the necessary support and effective for the surrounding environment.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">• accelerate the re reform after disasters to make sure to continue early daily life and production.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">• strengthen the morale of the workers there the ability to deal with disasters and reduce their effects.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Expected types of disasters</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">The risks of war and sabotage installations.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Human-induced disasters, transport accidents and chemical pollution.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Natural disasters (such as Seoul – Floods – Drought and Desertification – epidemics – agricultural pest – earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides – fires petroleum or petroleum products or lawns and grasses surrounding areas as a result of drought after the spring season).</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/zQuwbfG.jpg" /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The main causes of accidents:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• Statistics proved that the causes of accidents usually distributed between:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1. 88% due to human errors.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">2. 10% mechanism and mechanical errors.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">3. 2% distributed errors on unknown factors.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1. Human errors may be due to one of the following factors: -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1-1. Fatigue, being deceived, enthusiasm and drive in excess of the amounts, uncontrollable nerves, indifference, anxiety, disease, lack of desire to work.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1-2. Other factors:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">2.1.1. The right choice and the right for workers, (the right person in the right place).</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">2.1.2. Little or no training, no-regulation, recklessness, lack of specialization.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Also affected the main causes of accidents, including the following:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Personal reasons -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The ability or potential may be inadequate (physical, psychological, psychiatric).</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Deficiency or deficiencies in knowledge, education or training.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Stress may be (muscle, physiological, mental, myself).</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Shortage or lack of skill.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Lack of preparedness or preparation or planning to work.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Factors related to the working environment -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Lack of leadership.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">A lack of expertise and information engineering and technical.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Lack of maintenance and repair.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Lack of a system to provide appropriate backup materials.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Risks in the oil industry</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• Oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, or derivatives thereof, which is usually extracted from below the surface of these materials may be in the form of gas, liquid or solid or spray.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">This means that the oil industry are exposed to many dangers, which requires the provision of high levels of industrial safety measures in the workplace in order to avoid hazards and protect workers and work equipment, the environment and these risks are: -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• the dangers of working materials – and that dealing with the right material in the manner traded and lamb quoting, Tusila and the storage.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• types of business risk – due to failure to follow safety procedures in the activities of the various work began operations exploration wells were drilling operations and the work of saving energy in its various forms, welding and metal and concrete construction and events in workshops and wiring and electrical connections and blasting is in progress.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• the risks of work equipment – so as not to deal with the proper equipment and the number of manual work, and mechanical equipment, electrical appliances, and heavy equipment.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Sections of the risks in the oil industry – and divided the risks associated with the oil industry into three sections: -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1. Physical hazards include fires, explosions and collisions of objects moving by land, air and sea and used in the production facilities, and natural hazards such as storms and earthquakes and floods …</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">2. Civil liability risks in all its forms, which lead to the rolls of persons or destruction of cattle or property of others.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">3. Risks of physical loss and dependency, such as loss of income.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Means of reducing losses and is divided into: -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">1. And natural remedies</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• the adoption of methods of prevention, and prevention.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">• the adoption of methods of control and control.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">In the event of processors to be cadres of industrial safety in the oil installations and civil defense in the country an active and direct role to ensure safety in the various stages of the work of drilling activities, production, transportation and refining. The action is the work of the required safety equipment and fire control devices and safety equipment to protect workers valuable those sites.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">2. Means of physical therapy</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Remain a potential hazard in the list of important oil installations available procedures and preventive precautions and protection, so you must address these partial as follows: -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">· Keep some risks in a comprehensive or partial so Pthadjimha and Thidha.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">· By hedging contracts for property insurance company and responsibilities toward other people and their employees, where these contracts include insurance operations research, production and cover all physical and natural hazards such as storms, floods, moral and environmental toward others and society.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Security procedures ware</span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5566286707873263352.post-27489450116055602712014-06-06T19:15:00.000-07:002015-02-13T14:50:50.226-08:00Oil pollution<span style="color: #cccccc;">Hardly a day Weimar and Nsamabra of the oil has become and derivatives of the basic resources needed by each Ansaneltsiar things in life will not Alansanalm half a century ago that article breath Alraúhasov be the source of many of the materials that we use</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Has been known to man oil oil Valve was leaking to the surface since thousands of years inhabitants of Mesopotamia Astamiloaalasfelt to build and paint art and paving roads and use the ancient Egyptians in Thanitmutahm also used by American Indians and Alsnaon in the treatment of their patients and lighting their homes WAM Antdzet oil poultice commercial furthest discovery Albir in 1859 in United Bnsilvanyabalolayat mandate States.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Petroleum or crude oil has no little benefit Fayalhalh the which is extracted from underground, he needs to multiple processes Tadelfsal the Mkonatadidh him to Clamnha uses for specific purposes.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And acquires oil pollution a large Ahtamcobei and because it is visible where it is possible to see directly on Ahawattiyaoboutraiqa indirectly through watching it on television or other means of Alaalamklma there was a notable incident or exciting.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And petroleum products for Searomahitat water pollutant in the forefront in terms of pollutants serious impact imposed Ali Albeihalbharih, the man that he became known for oil contaminant name of the Black Death.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil caused the pollution of the marine environment in several ways, there flowing Moadalpetroulih the sea water and the ocean as a result of accidents and oil tankers still Hadthalnaqlh the Torrey canyon and sank near the south-western BeachesBritain Mthalahvi the mind.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">There are also daily operations of the leakage of grade and refineries Almqamhali the Beaches and petrochemical industries and oil wells Beaches and seeps night a sea water during drilling operations and orderlies in the bottom of the sea oil extraction.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">And Kdzart problem of marine pollution oil of course with the great development that has occurred Viaadin oil and transported across the seas and Alehitat and processes refined and industry and Zayadhakabarh in the use of lubricants and enough to recall that the total production Global Manalpetrol in the early twentieth century was not to exceed 20 million tonnes per annum and then jumped after Zlkala 2549 tons in 1972 as the maritime transport of oil and its derivatives has been growing a great Anyan Joomla oil transported amounted to about 700 million tons in 1976, but that the oil Asubhalan represents the most important goods transported across the seas and so represents only about half the size Alkleilnakl sea.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">Estimates vary on the amount of marine pollutants discharged or Tsbsnuya to the seas and oceans</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">But can we rely on one estimates Tdahapma by between 5_10 million tons.</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;">It is clear from this over sheer Mabarv to sea Snuyamn the petroleum pollutants and no doubt, it represents a major threat to the marine environment and Alansançoa directly or indirectly</span><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil pollution</span><br /><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/D34WzuJ.jpg" /></span></div><div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The seas and oceans major natural wealth in Hyahalepeshria particular it covers more than two-thirds of the Earth’s surface almost, where Onlha the different uses are many and varied including traditional uses such as energy production Alogvehomassadr.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Oil is one of the most important sources of energy used on Almistoyalaalmi in the present time, in addition to entry in many industries Alaptrrukemaaúahouma increasing global need for oil drilling operations increased him, whether on land or in sea areas has also increased the movement of raw materials from places production to Moaqaalasthlak.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">The oil pollution of sea water is one of the most serious and the most common contaminants, and related problems have emerged since its discovery and spread through all phases of, production, Alngulwaltkirr and manufacturing, warehousing, marketing and even disposal of used products.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Resulted in the continuous increase in each of these activities to the emergence of increasing amounts Manalmilothat oil-water beaches, seas and oceans has been proven that water Seaaaromahitat targeting pollution several million tons of oil every year, especially since Mazmalmassana and refineries, petrochemical built along the beaches which is threatening and Andhirbmchakl serious environmental may affect the ecological balance of the sea and land alike. difficult to control marine pollution or prevent its spread as it is the risk of floating and moving controls Fahatjah wind factors and the tides and the intensity of the waves and thus difficult to control as well as Vanmellothat area, moving after a period to other areas either directly or through indirectly Antriv of contaminated fish.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">In the Arab world become a pollution problem beaches and Seaarktara huge threat to human activity and economic irks interested in the affairs of the environment where more than half the Arab population living along the coastal and marine areas are so Iatmdongly sea water in the fields of tourism and summer and desalination of sea water due to the scarcity Almiahalazbh In addition to using the sea as a food source and extraction of minerals, though Seaaralamtal the Arab world (the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf) are Mnakther seas polluted because they sailor almost closed as the water is not replenished only Badhawwala a hundred years or more in addition to the density of traffic and the use of these Seaarkmistodat of pollutants such as trash water and sanitation.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Look at the oil components:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Petroleum products can be divided into several groups depending on Tercebhaalkimaaúa: -</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Paraffin compounds:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">They Mhbahkulailh activity hydrocarbons such as methane and propane and Petain in a greenhouse in temperature Adahoma the large molecules are paraffins waxy solid materials such as paraffin wax.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Compounds:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Where there are two types of these vehicles:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">* Naphthenes: an acyclic saturated hydrocarbons Examples include annular pentane (5 carbon atoms) and cyclohexane (6 carbon atoms) are liquids at normal temperature.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">* Aromatic compounds (aromatic): It acyclic hydrocarbons no bilateral Bharwabt and characterized by aromatic Recipes that distinguish them from the elements and then used Vsalhave petrochemical industries to prepare a large number of materials and Examples of these Antrbatallbenzin (Alpes descent) and naphthalene.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Vehicles Alawlevinah:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">It Moadehedrokrboneh are configured unsaturated chemical manufacturing processes and characterized these chemical Antrbatbnchatha and thus are of particular importance in the petrochemical industry and Omthelthaalathelen and propylene and Albiotilin.</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Other Vehicles:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Some Onoaalnaft contain compounds other than the types of hydrocarbons which may contain fractions Alydhirat or other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur which is usually not more than 5% crude Mnozn also contain some metals Kalnichael or Alvanadiom low concentrations</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Pollution and residues of petroleum products</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">What is pollution:</span></div><div><span style="color: #cccccc;">Pollution in the simplest definitions, is the launch of the elements or compounds or mixtures of gaseous, liquid o</span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11468812597760850521noreply@blogger.com0